by Vaque, Dolors, Boras, Julia A., Torrent-Llagostera, Francesc and Agusti, Susana, Arrieta, Jesus M., Lara, Elena, Castillo, Yaiza M., Duarte, Carlos M. and Sala, Maria M.
Abstract:
During the Austral summer 2009 we studied three areas surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula: the Bellingshausen Sea, the Bransfield Strait and the Weddell Sea. We aimed to investigate, whether viruses or protists were the main agents inducing prokaryotic mortality rates, and the sensitivity to temperature of prokaryotic heterotrophic production and mortality based on the activation energy (Ea) for each process. Seawater samples were taken at seven depths (0.1-100 m) to quantify viruses, prokaryotes and protists abundances, and heterotrophic prokaryotic production (PHP). Viral lytic production, lysogeny, and mortality rates of prokaryotes due to viruses and protists were estimated at surface (0.1-1 m) and at the Deep Fluorescence Maximum (DFM, 12-55 m) at eight representative stations of the three areas. The average viral lytic production ranged from 1.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea to1.3 +/- 0.7 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bransfield Strait, while lysogeny, when detectable, recorded the lowest value in the Bellingshausen Sea (0.05 +/- 0.05 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1)) and the highest in the Weddell Sea (4.3 +/- 3.5 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1)). Average mortality rates due to viruses ranged from 9.7 +/- 6.1 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Weddell Sea to 14.3 +/- 4.0 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea, and were higher than averaged grazing rates in the Weddell Sea (5.9 +/- 1.1 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1)) and in the Bellingshausen Sea (6.8 +/- 0.9 x 10(4) cells ml-1 d(-1)). The highest impact on prokaryotes by viruses and main differences between viral and protists activities were observed in surface samples: 17.8 +/- 6.8 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 6.5 +/- 3.9 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Weddell Sea; 22.1 +/- 9.6 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 11.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bransfield Strait; and 16.1 +/- 5.7 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 7.9 +/- 2.6 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of lysed cells and PHP showed higher sensitivity to temperature than grazing rates by protists. We conclude that viruses were more important mortality agents than protists mainly in surface waters and that viral activity has a higher sensitivity to temperature than grazing rates. This suggests a reduction of the carbon transferred through the microbial food-web that could have implications in the biogeochemical cycles in a future warmer ocean scenario.
Reference:
Viruses and Protists Induced-mortality of Prokaryotes around the Antarctic Peninsula during the Austral Summer (Vaque, Dolors, Boras, Julia A., Torrent-Llagostera, Francesc and Agusti, Susana, Arrieta, Jesus M., Lara, Elena, Castillo, Yaiza M., Duarte, Carlos M. and Sala, Maria M.), In FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, volume 8, 2017.
Bibtex Entry:
@article{ ISI:000394978100001, Author = {Vaque, Dolors and Boras, Julia A. and Torrent-Llagostera, Francesc and Agusti, Susana and Arrieta, Jesus M. and Lara, Elena and Castillo, Yaiza M. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Sala, Maria M.}, Title = {{Viruses and Protists Induced-mortality of Prokaryotes around the Antarctic Peninsula during the Austral Summer}}, Journal = {{FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2017}}, Volume = {{8}}, Month = {{MAR 2}}, Abstract = {{During the Austral summer 2009 we studied three areas surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula: the Bellingshausen Sea, the Bransfield Strait and the Weddell Sea. We aimed to investigate, whether viruses or protists were the main agents inducing prokaryotic mortality rates, and the sensitivity to temperature of prokaryotic heterotrophic production and mortality based on the activation energy (Ea) for each process. Seawater samples were taken at seven depths (0.1-100 m) to quantify viruses, prokaryotes and protists abundances, and heterotrophic prokaryotic production (PHP). Viral lytic production, lysogeny, and mortality rates of prokaryotes due to viruses and protists were estimated at surface (0.1-1 m) and at the Deep Fluorescence Maximum (DFM, 12-55 m) at eight representative stations of the three areas. The average viral lytic production ranged from 1.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea to1.3 +/- 0.7 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bransfield Strait, while lysogeny, when detectable, recorded the lowest value in the Bellingshausen Sea (0.05 +/- 0.05 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1)) and the highest in the Weddell Sea (4.3 +/- 3.5 x 10(7) viruses ml(-1) d(-1)). Average mortality rates due to viruses ranged from 9.7 +/- 6.1 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Weddell Sea to 14.3 +/- 4.0 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea, and were higher than averaged grazing rates in the Weddell Sea (5.9 +/- 1.1 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1)) and in the Bellingshausen Sea (6.8 +/- 0.9 x 10(4) cells ml-1 d(-1)). The highest impact on prokaryotes by viruses and main differences between viral and protists activities were observed in surface samples: 17.8 +/- 6.8 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 6.5 +/- 3.9 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Weddell Sea; 22.1 +/- 9.6 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 11.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bransfield Strait; and 16.1 +/- 5.7 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) and 7.9 +/- 2.6 x 10(4) cells ml(-1) d(-1) in the Bellingshausen Sea, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of lysed cells and PHP showed higher sensitivity to temperature than grazing rates by protists. We conclude that viruses were more important mortality agents than protists mainly in surface waters and that viral activity has a higher sensitivity to temperature than grazing rates. This suggests a reduction of the carbon transferred through the microbial food-web that could have implications in the biogeochemical cycles in a future warmer ocean scenario.}}, Publisher = {{FRONTIERS MEDIA SA}}, Address = {{AVENUE DU TRIBUNAL FEDERAL 34, LAUSANNE, CH-1015, SWITZERLAND}}, Type = {{Article}}, Language = {{English}}, Affiliation = {{Vaque, D (Corresponding Author), CSIC, Inst Ciencies Mar CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. Vaque, Dolors; Boras, Julia A.; Torrent-Llagostera, Francesc; Lara, Elena; Castillo, Yaiza M.; Sala, Maria M., CSIC, Inst Ciencies Mar CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. Agusti, Susana; Arrieta, Jesus M.; Duarte, Carlos M., King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. Lara, Elena, CNR, Inst Marine Sci CNR ISMAR, Venice, Italy.}}, DOI = {{10.3389/fmicb.2017.00241}}, Article-Number = {{241}}, ISSN = {{1664-302X}}, Keywords = {{viruses; prokaryotes; protists; lysis; lysogeny; mortality; temperature; Antarctic waters}}, Keywords-Plus = {{WESTERN BRANSFIELD STRAIT; PLANKTONIC BACTERIA; CONVERSION FACTORS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; RATES; BACTERIOPLANKTON; PHYTOPLANKTON; RESPIRATION; COMMUNITIES}}, Research-Areas = {{Microbiology}}, Web-of-Science-Categories = {{Microbiology}}, Author-Email = {{dolors@icm.csic.es}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{SALA, Maria Montserrat/O-4726-2014 Boras, Julia A./AAN-9719-2020 Agusti, Susana/G-2864-2017 Arrieta, Jesus M/B-1226-2008 Duarte, Carlos M/A-7670-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{SALA, Maria Montserrat/0000-0002-3804-5680 Agusti, Susana/0000-0003-0536-7293 Arrieta, Jesus M/0000-0002-0190-6950 Duarte, Carlos M/0000-0002-1213-1361 Boras, Julia A./0000-0002-4195-8405 Lara, Elena/0000-0002-4625-348X}}, Funding-Acknowledgement = {{ATOS - Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion {[}POL2006-00550/CTM]; MINECO (FPI grant)}}, Funding-Text = {{This study was supported by the following projects: ATOS (POL2006-00550/CTM, P.I.: CD.) funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, YC work was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the MINECO (FPI grant).}}, Number-of-Cited-References = {{54}}, Times-Cited = {{11}}, Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}}, Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{10}}, Journal-ISO = {{Front. Microbiol.}}, Doc-Delivery-Number = {{EL9ZH}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000394978100001}}, OA = {{DOAJ Gold, Green Published}}, DA = {{2020-12-22}}, }
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